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What to Do When Your External Drives are Not Working

External storage is simply a magnetic hard drive (HDD), or a solid-state storage device (SSD), which you connect to your computer outside its chassis, instead of installing it internally. Hard drives are among the few moving parts in modern computers, so they are they have a high likelihood of developing issues – especially in laptops!

External hard drives are especially prone to failure due to frequent improper use, outdated drivers, bundling with incompatible software on different operating systems, frequent connection and disconnection to different devices, and, in the case of portable or USB hard drives, unsafe ejection.

As a portable device that you can carry along with you for your convenience, your external storage is exposed to constant physical vibration that can cause issues like the drive is not recognized in Windows.

When your internal or external hard drive is not recognized by the operating system or is unable to give access to existing data or save new information, it is often down to the factors above. Fixing the device without losing your data or damaging your computer requires a methodical process of elimination and different-level fixes.

Why is My External Hard Drive Not Recognized in Windows?
As explained above, there are many software-related reasons and hardware problems that cause your Windows PC to fail to read data from your external storage. However, there are four major issues that you should try to fix first before you hire a data recovery specialist or dismiss the hard drive as dead.

The possible fixes you should consider first include:

Problems with the physical connection between the drive and your computer.
USB power management problems.
The drive has not been formatted or is formatted with an unrecognizable file system.
The device drivers are missing or outdated.
Before you try any fix, you should first run the Windows Hardware and Device Troubleshooter utility, as well as the Windows USB Troubleshooter, to see if they help in any way. These two system tools will check the storage device connected to your PC and the computer's USB ports, identify any known issues, and attempt to fix them automatically.

You may search for these utilities through the Start Menu (Windows Key) search or access them in the Windows Settings Troubleshooter page.

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How Do I Fix My External Hard Drive That is Not Reading?
Prior to reading this guide, it is important for us to warn you that any changes you make to file systems could result in data loss. If you're a current Driver Support customer, you get unlimited support with our tech team through your portal.

Are you trying to attach your new USB HDD or SSD external drive for the first time, but your computer is not responding or identifying it? Is your trusty old external storage suddenly acting up just when you need to attach an important file stored on it? There is no reason to panic! There are steps you can take to figure out what the problem is and quickly gain access to your precious data.

Here are the steps you should try if you want to access an unresponsive hard drive on Windows:

1. Examine the Physical Connection between Your PC, Hard Drive, and External Power Source
One of the most common problems that prevent Windows systems from accessing external storage drives is bad physical connections.

First, while virtually all flash drives, and the majority of small external hard drives, do not require a dedicated connection to their own power, when you connect a large, high-capacity external hard drive, you have to ensure that it is plugged into a power outlet.

No matter the size of the external drive, the problem is sometimes the USB cable itself. You could be trying to connect the wrong type of cable or the cable may be damaged. If your computer does not recognize your external hard drive, try to change the data cable. If the power and USB cables are in good condition and working as they should, then you will see an indicator light and, if it is not a SSD, hear the drive spinning.

If you use an external USB hub to increase the number of ports you have available, the device may occasionally introduce power management or compatibility problems. When you connect several peripheral devices to a USB hub, you should plug your external storage directly into its own port on your PC. If all your ports are full, unplug the USB hub and connect your removable drive instead to find out if Windows detects it.

2. Disable the USB Selective Suspend in Your Computer's Power Options


If you have a good connection between your external drive and computer, but it still is not recognized, you should find out if your PC's USB Selective Suspend power options setting is active. Here's what you should do:

On the notification panel at the lower right of your screen, right click the battery icon and choose Power Options. Next, click the Change Plan Settings link next to your active power plan.


Click the link marked Change Advanced Power Settings.


In the new window that appears, navigate to USB Settings, expand it and set USB Selective Suspend to Disabled. Click Apply.


When you are done, disconnect and reconnect the external drive.

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3. Format and Create a New Partition on the Drive
If you are connecting an external hard drive to your computer for the first time, or if the drive is new and unused, the PC may fail to detect it, as it has no partitions created. However, you may find that the drive is recognized by the Windows Disk Management utility.

To confirm that the disk management tool has access to the external drive, go to the Start menu search, type diskmgmt.msc then press Enter. If you find your external drive listed within the Disk Management tool window as unpartitioned or unallocated, all you need to do for it to appear the next time you plug it into your computer is to format it with the correct file system.

Warning: If the drive already has data on it, formatting will erase all the information on the external HDD. If the drive contains data you want to keep, you should first extract the data to a supported device.

4. Update or Reinstall Drivers
However, your PC may sometimes fail or simply refuse to recognize an external storage device even if you have confirmed a successful connection. In this case the problem is likely to lie with the device driver. The driver is a piece of software provided by the manufacturer of the hard drive that lets your computer "know" how to communicate with the device. If the driver is corrupted or incorrectly installed, you will have to update or manually install it.

To uninstall and reinstall the device driver:

Open the Start menu search, enter Device Manager and click the result at the top of the list.
Expand the branch marked Disk drives.


Find your hard drive in the list, right click and choose Uninstall.


Unplug the removable disk drive from your PC and restart your computer. Plug the hard drive back in once you have rebooted your computer.

Once you finish the steps above, your computer will automatically detect and configure your drive. However, this should be your last resort, and you should follow the steps below very carefully. Failure to do so could result in an unstable or unusable system and damage to your external hard drive.

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Is your external hard drive not showing up or being recognized in Windows? Learn how to fix a drive that's not detected.

A person using a MacBook with an external hard drive plugged into it
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Removable disk drives—like USB flash drives, SD cards, and external hard drives—should be easy to use with your computer. But in some cases, you may connect your drive to a Windows PC or another device with a USB port and find the external hard drive isn't showing up.


This problem has several possible causes: partition issues on the external drive, using the wrong file system, dead USB ports, or driver issues in Windows. In a worst-case scenario, the drive itself may be dead.


Let's take a look at what to do when your external hard drive is not showing up in Windows.

1. Make Sure Your External Drive Turns On

This is a preliminary step, but still one worth checking. Nearly every flash drive, and many external hard drives, don't require a separate power source—they receive power over USB. However, some desktop external drives do have dedicated power cables, or at least a physical power switch.

If this is the case and your external hard drive is not showing up, you could have an issue with the device's power cable. Try plugging it into another power outlet, or swap the cable if possible. Check for signs of activity, like flashing lights on the unit or the hum of movement inside the drive, before moving on.

If you don't see any signs that the drive is working no matter what you do, the device might be dead. Be sure to know the signs that your hard drive is failing so you can catch it early if this happens again.


Assuming that your drive turns on but still doesn't show up, walk through the below points in order.

2. Check the Drive in Disk Management

You should first check whether Windows detects the hard disk when you plug it in. Plug your removable drive into your computer, if it isn't already.

Next, open the Disk Management tool. To do so, press Win + X (or right-click the Start button) to open the Power User menu and select Disk Management from the list. You can also open the Run dialog with Win + R and enter diskmgmt.msc to open this utility.

Windows-Open-Disk-Manager

As the name suggests, Disk Management lets you see all the hard disks connected to your computer. It allows you to review sizes, partitions, and other disk information.

You should see your external drive listed in the Disk Management window, likely below your primary and any secondary disks. Even if it doesn't appear in the This PC window because it doesn't contain any partitions, it should show up here as a Removable volume.

Removable Volume Disk Management

If you do see the drive here, jump down to section #5 below. There, you'll partition and/or format your drive properly so Windows and other devices can access it.

If your external drive is still not showing up in Disk Management, continue on. You'll need to determine why your drive isn't recognized. It's possible you have a hardware issue, driver problem, or a dead drive.

3. Try Another USB Port and Computer

The reason your external drive isn't detected may not lie with your device, but rather with the port you're using to connect it to your computer.

Unplug the drive from its current slot and try plugging it into another USB port on your computer. Should it work in one USB port but not another, you may have a dead USB port. See how to diagnose and fix dead USB ports if you suspect this.

If you've plugged the drive into a USB hub, try connecting it directly to the computer instead. Some USB hubs won't provide enough power for an external drive to function.

What if the drive doesn't show up in Disk Management even after trying both of these steps? It's tough to know for certain whether the drive is bad or your computer is having a problem. If you have another computer nearby, try plugging the external disk into that to check whether it's detected.

If the drive doesn't work on any computer you plug it into, the drive itself is likely dead and you'll need to replace it. When you try another machine, don't only check This PC; be sure to check whether it appears in the computer's Disk Management window, as discussed above. Even if it's working, the drive might not appear in File Explorer if it lacks a volume that Windows can identify.

4. Troubleshoot Device Driver Issues

If the drive does show up on other computers—or you don't have another computer around to test it on—Windows may have a driver problem with your device. You can check for this using the Device Manager.

You'll find a shortcut to the Device Manager under the same Win + X menu mentioned earlier. You can also enter devmgmt.msc into the Run dialog to open it.

In the Device Manager, expand the Disk drives category and check for any devices with a yellow exclamation point next to them. It's a good idea to check the Universal Serial Bus controllers section too.

If you see the error symbol for any entry, that device has a driver problem. Right-click the device with the issue, select Properties, and look at the error message under Device status. This info can help you fix the problem.


Device Manager USB Status

We've explored how to fix the "This Device Cannot Start (Code 10)" error as well as fixes for "Unknown USB Device", which provide good troubleshooting steps for driver issues. There are some more general steps you can take if those guides don't work for your issue, though driver problems can be tricky to fix.

If the problem started recently, try running System Restore to roll back the changes. If that doesn't help, you can right-click on the affected device in the Device Manager and use the Update Driver button to install an updated driver.

However, this rarely finds a new driver for generic devices like flash drives. Instead, you may want to check the manufacturer's website for a specific driver for your external hard drive; see our guide to updating Windows drivers for more help.

The Driver tab that appears in the Properties menu for each device in the Device Manager has a few other options. Roll Back Driver will revert any recent driver updates (if applicable), which probably won't have an effect if System Restore didn't work.

As a final resort, you can use the Uninstall Device button to remove the device from your system. Upon rebooting, Windows will then reinstall the driver and hopefully configure it correctly when you reconnect the drive.

Device Manager Driver Tab

5. Create a New Drive Volume

If your device showed up in Disk Management in #2 earlier, or one of the above troubleshooting steps made Windows detect it, you're ready to initialize the drive so it's usable. Aside from showing you basic information, the Disk Management tool can also fix partition and file system issues with your drive.

If your removable drive shows only Unallocated space, you'll need to create a new partition on it. This allows Windows and other operating systems to use the device. To make a new partition, right-click anywhere on the Unallocated space, select New Simple Volume, and go through the wizard to create a new partition.

Once the drive has a partition on it, you should be able to see it in the This PC panel and use it as normal.

Windows Disk Management New Simple Volume

If your drive is partitioned (meaning it contains something other than Unallocated space) and you still can't see it elsewhere in Windows, ensure it has a drive letter set. This should happen automatically, but if you've manually removed the drive letter for some reason, the volume may not be accessible in Windows.

To change the drive letter, right-click the removable drive's partition and select Change Drive Letter and Paths. In case the device doesn't already have a letter, click Add and choose one. If it does, click Change and try another one.

Something later in the alphabet, like G or J, is standard for removable drives and will work fine. Avoid earlier letters like A and C, which are reserved by Windows for other purposes.

After changing the drive letter, you might want to display all drives in This PC to make sure it shows up.

Windows Disk Management Assign Drive Letter

6. Format the External Drive

If the drive appears to be partitioned, but Windows still can't access it, it's probably partitioned with a different file system.

For instance, you may have formatted the drive with the ext4 file system from Linux, or APFS on a Mac. Windows can't read these file systems. You'll thus need to reformat the drive with a file system Windows can access, such as NTFS, exFAT, or the older FAT32, so Windows will recognize it.

To reformat a partition in the Disk Management utility, right-click it and select Format.

Windows Disk Management Format Device
Note that formatting will erase all files on your drive, so you should copy any important files on it to another device before continuing. If the drive is formatted for use on a Linux or Mac machine, take it to a computer running that OS to back up the files before you format it.

When you format, you can give the drive a new name if you like. Leave Allocation unit size as Default; keeping Perform a quick format checked is fine too. More importantly, you'll need to select a file system. Which one you should choose depends on the type of drive and what you use it for.

Format Flash Drive Disk Management

Which File System Should I Choose for an External Drive?

If you have a small flash drive, it likely came formatted as FAT32. Despite its age, this file format is still used for small storage devices due to its wide compatibility. However, it's not a perfect choice.

FAT32 has a maximum file size of 4GB, and only supports volumes up to 2TB. It's unlikely that you'll run into either of these issues using a flash drive, but they are still limitations. The main reason to use FAT32 is that it works with pretty much any device, such as cameras, media players, game consoles, and more.

exFAT, on the other hand, is a more modern successor to FAT32. It doesn't enjoy the same ubiquity as FAT32, but it's free from the file size restrictions of the older format. exFAT also performs faster in tests.

As a result, we recommend exFAT for small removable devices like flash drives, unless you have a specific compatibility reason to use FAT32. We've compared FAT32 and exFAT if you're interested in a deeper look at the differences.

The other option is NTFS. This is the modern file system standard for Windows, but there's nothing to gain by using it on a flash drive. Many older devices aren't compatible with NTFS, and it has a lot of overhead that's unnecessary on smaller drives.

It's fine to use NTFS for large external hard drives that you will only use with Windows computers. But if you ever plan to use the disk with other machines, pick exFAT instead.

Now Your External Drive Is Recognized and Showing Up Again!

Following this process when external hard drives don't show up should solve most of the disk recognition issues you'll encounter. If you've tried the drive with multiple computers and it never shows up in the Disk Management window after these steps, the drive is probably dead. You can take it to a computer repair shop to be sure, but at this point, you can be almost sure it's toast.

Thankfully, there are lots of great choices for replacement external drives that don't cost a lot of money.